HELP sheet - Must or Have to? An
explanation
In the affirmative both express an
obligation:
"I must go now" "I have to go now"-
both are correct.
The big difference is in the negative:
"Don't have to" permits, "Mustn't"
forbids (It's used a lot with children!):
Permissive:
"You don't have to wear a mask
in the shop." (But you can if you wish.)
"You don't have to drive." (You could take the bus.)
Prohibitive:
" You mustn't enter the hospital without a mask." (It's
dangerous and therefore forbidden.)
" You mustn't drive down there!" (It's a one-way street.)
"Johnny! You musn't touch the
electric fire! You'll burn yourself."
In the affirmative, however, "Must"
and "Have to" have a more nuanced difference in usage:
Must is more an internal
obligation coming from the speakers motives or feelings.
"I must give more to charity
this year." (I'm feeling guilty.)
"I really must get a new
cooker." (This one is not convenient.)
" I must get an
appointment at the dentist."
(I have toothache).
Have to is more an external
obligation imposed from the outside.
"I have to give more to charity
next year." (My accountant says there's a tax advantage.)
"The electric people say I have to get a new cooker because the
one I've got is dangerous."
"I had to make a dentist's
appointment on the internet."
(he no longer answers phone calls)
Often the motive is not expressed but can
be inferred:
"Must I wear a tie?"
(I hate ties)
"Do I have to wear
a tie?" (at your wedding
where you make the rules)
Deduction or inference is another
use of Must - in the affirmative:
"He has a Rolls Royce so he must
be rich."
"That man has a tattoo of an anchor on his arm."
He must have been in the Navy.
N.B. A negative inference, curiously
is not usually expressed with must not but with can not:
"That can't be true. It's just
something you've seen on the internet!"
"The dog can't have killed the hens. He was locked in the house
at the time."
|